Helicorter



R. HAFNER HELICOPTER Jan. ll, 1944.

Filed Aug. 6, 1938 4 Sheets-Sheet l Jan. l1, 1944. R. HAF-'NER HELICOPTER Filed Aug. 6, 1938 4 sheets-sheet s Jan. 11, 1944. R. HAFNER 2,338,935

HELICOPTER Filed Aug. 6, 1938 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 'I' lflll fs Abw/f Patented Jan. 1l, 1944 l y HEIJCOITEB. e Raoul Hafner, Vienna, Germany: vested in the Alien Property Application Annees, 193s, serial No'. 223,406 In Great mmm august 1s, 1937 x p s claims. (c1. 244-17) f This invention relates to helicopters, that is to say to aircraft having supporting rotors mechanically driven in normal flight and each comprisy' ing a. plurality'of blades radiating from a hub structure.

Y It is commonly assumed that the most deslrlable form of' helicopter is that 'which will support the greatest weight for a given power input e when hovering stationary. A This object will, however, involve a sacrice of efficiency in forward flight, and the present invention is based on the contrasting view that one of the most important features of the helicopter as a type-is the possibility of obtaining a high power efficiency in ordinaryforward night, and that' it is essential to secure this even at the expense of an appreciable loss of hovering eiliciency. Such a loss should not be a. serious handicap in practise, since in any case it is now, adays possible to provide an ample power reserve.

It is therefore the basic object of this inven- From this, it will be seen that the nondimensionalexpression C D 1 -l y [CL fVCLvv] is a measure of the torque absorbed by a given rotor element at a given lift,- and it will therefore be referred to'for Asimplicity as the torque rfactor." Since Cnp and Cr. vary somewhat for a given blade section according to the angle of attack for whichv they are quoted, it will be conven- V ient to refer tothey minimum value of this torque factor.

tion to obtain the maximum power eillciency of helicopters in forward flight, and for this purpose I contemplate providing helicopters with rotor systems so constructed 'as to absorb the flight power input at a relatively high tip -speed and consequently at a relatively low torque. that although this means an appreciable increase in power for hovering flight, the torque is nevertheless substantially reduced as compared with slower rotors even during such hovering.

Consideration will show that, for a given forward speed of the aircraft, ahigh-speed blade Ifliidy willbe subject to a smaller cyclic fluctuation of its effective angle'of attack during Vrotation than a low-speed blade; as a result the angle of attack, at least at moderate speeds, may remain relativemean of the minimum torque factors over the' ly close to the angle giving the best ratio of lift to drag for the blade section used, with a. consequent gain in emciency, Moreover the maximum forward speed of the aircraft is also increased by a high-speed rotor system, since the blades on the vretreating side do not stall until a corre spondingly high translational speedis reached.

These results' are obtained quite generally in all types of helicopters, but a'high-speed low-torque y rotor is of especial advantagein the single rotor type of helicopterras will be explained later.

I have obtained an expression foi` the torque dQ absorbed by an annular element (of radius r) in a rotor disk lwhen giving an axial thrust'or lift dT,V This-is found to bez' where Cpp and Cx. are respectively the prole drag' and lift coelcients (in Continental units) y ofthe blade section used, ande is the 'solidity (i. e. the ratio of blade area to disk arealL over the annular area in question.

The different annular areas will have di-erent solidities in' the general case, and consequently the minimum torque factor will vary along a blade; normally of course it will diminish towards the tip. Also, in view of these changes insolidity, the torque factors will be at a minimum for different values 4oft'lrpp and Ci.. j

However, by examination of a rotor 'in con- Ajunction with the lift/drag curve of the blade section'used, the mean value of the minimum torque factors over the vwhole lifting portion may readily be determined, and this is a criterion of a helicopter rotor according to the inventions,

Thus. although the proposal to construct heli copters on what may be termed the highispe'ed OOI Principle is in any case new, as far ag-1 am aware, the present'. invention may bestated for the purpose of definition as a helicopter in which the rotor system is constructed to absorb the night power, input at a. high tip speed and a correspondingly low torque by providing ya blade section and a rotor solidityvsuch that the whole working or lifting portion of a. rotor disk .has a value below 0.09.

` Another convenient way of expressingthe'invention takes account' of the ratio of the torque on a rotor to its thrust when hovering stationary. This may be ascertained by direct measurement, and its units will evidently be units of length. When expressed as a proportion ofthe rotor radius, it is a criterion of the rotor from the present point of view.

Again. this figure will vary somewhat accord- -ing to conditions (more respecially pitch setting) but the invention may be stated as a helicopter in which the rotor system is constructed to absorb the flight power input at a high tip speed andr a corrrespondingly low torque such that theH constructed to operate at a sufliciently high speed, the inuence of flow through the rotor on the effective angle of attack of the blades may be so reduced that the optimum pitch setting for ward flight.

lpitch settings, and a useful alternative definition ofthe invention is therefore a helicopter So far, however, the problem of neutralising the torque reaction on the fuselage during hovforward flight), has prevented the practical deering .(at anyrate whilst still obtaining a useful y 't assumes l which encloses a radial tie rod anchoring the blade to the hub. The torsional resilience of the tie-rod is arranged to stabilise the blade at its optimum mean pitch for forward flight, and it witha rotor system having this feature. In such s also takes the centrifugalv load of the blade. a helicopter, a failure of the drive (assuming of allowing its pitch to be altered without friction course that the customary freewheel is fitted) or wear. This feature is fully set forth in the would not demand an instant adjustment of said application Serial No. 115,530, and it is pitch to keep the rotor system in action, and the therefore unnecessary tc illustrate it in detail value of such an inherent feature will be apparl here. f ent, The airfoil section chosen for the lifting por- 'I'he invention is particularly important in its tiions of the blades is the high-speed section application to thesingle-rotor helicopter. This shown in Figure 4' and known as N. A. C. A.,- type is generally recognised as -having greater 23009. The maximum thickness is 9% of the possibilities than the double or multi-rotor types, chord, and the blade is built with a-stressed .skin because it avoids the mass and complexity of 5 of stainless or plated steel sheet. The blade is duplicated driving and control connections, and suitably weighted and stiifened at the nose and. also in certain arrangements the weight and drag in general, constructed in accordance with the of outrigger structures .for carrying rotors. The principles set out in United States patent applisingle rotor has a good lift distribution across cation Serial No. 169,382 filedrOctober 16, 1937. the span in forward flight, and the complete That is to say, each sectional element of the aerodynamic control of the aircraft may be very 'lifting portiomhas a substantially constant censimply arranged by providing means for tilting ter of pressure situated at the mass center of the the plane of rotation of the rotor in any direcelement, and the blade is so shaped that all these tion and for varying its pitchas a whole. A 25 centers lie on a common straight line or axis of balance X, the neutral torsional axis or stiness axis of the blade being arranged at or in front of the axis X. In the present case these axes are arranged to coincide with each other velopment of a satisfactory single-rotor heli- 30 and 8.180 With the `tie-rod axis about which the copter.

By providing such a machine with a `single rotor according to the invention, however, the torque reaction is made so low that it can be blade is turned to adjust its pitch. As explained in the said application Serial No. 169,382, this arrangement gives a dynamically balanced blade free from fluttering tendencies in flight, and this counteracted even during hovering by means A35 is evidently important in View of the long. thin which do not substantially. affect the general eiiiciency in forward flight. For example, by shaping the fuselage to conform with small effective angles of attack to the rotor downand narrow nature of the blades inthe presen case.

The blades are tapered in plan so as to give the optimum lift distribution over the lifting area wash, a sufficient countertorque may be aerody- 40 of the rotor disk, and are given a suitable twist namically imposed on it during hovering without 'the aid of external devices impeding for- A single-rotor jhelicopter according to the along their length to keep the effective angle of attack correct at each point during night.' The l overall rotor solidity'is under 4%; at the points M it is of course greater, and over the annular eleinvention and constructed on this principle is ment of area containing these points the solidity illustrated by way of example in the accompanying drawings, of which: f Figure 1 is a side elevation, Figures 1A i to 1F are cross-sections viewed from the front of-the fuselage inthe planes A-A to F-F respectively of Figure 1,

Figure 2 is a plan view,

Figure 3 is a front elevation,

Figure 4 shows the blade lsection onkan enlarged scale, and

Figure 5 is an 'enlarged and somewhat diagrammatic sectional view of the power transmission means between the engine and the rotor. ADealing first with the generaiconstruction of the rotor of the machine shown; the three blades 6o i are attached to the hub 2 by articulations allowing them to flap up and d own and to execute .independent drag movements 'to some extent in the'plane of rotation. The rotor in general is constructed and controlled as described in United States patent application Serial No. 115,530 led December 12, 1936, the blade pitch angles -being differentially controlled to tilt.

the plane of rotation by a universally-tiltable controlcolumn 3 (Figure 1), and the general 70 or mean rotor pitch being adjustable as a whole by the lift lever 4.

The working or lifting portion of each blade is about the outer two thirds thereof, the.. inner is 6.30%. From the published ldata relating to' the section N. A. C. A. 23009 it is ioundl that the minimum value of the torque factor is 0.087 when a=.0.063, and is obtained by using. the values Cp=0.0067 and CL=0.19. y v

Similarly, at points N the solidity has the much lower figure of 1.10%, and the torque factor is found to be at a minimum of 0.05 when th'e values C'np=0.0071 and Cr.,=0.36 are used.

In the first case the values of Cnp and CL used are those quoted forvan angle of attack of 1 and in the second case they relate to an` angle of 2.5; it will be appreciated however that these angles are mentionedonly because they happen to give the minima in calculating the torque fac-. tors, and that they have no significance as regards the actual setting of -the blades.

Thus we have minimum torque factors of 0.087 at M and 0.05 at N, and it is obvious that if (for example) further values are taken at equidistant points along the rotor radius the mean value over the whole lifting portion will be found to be well below the limit` of 0.09.

Investigation shows that, as previously mentioned, vthe optimum pitch setting of this highspeed rotor for ordinary forward ightis also one third being'a simple streamlined supporting spar 'ls downwash in all somewhat according l prove possible so the fuselage could of engine failure. This is evidently a most valuable feature, even if it is advisable subsequently Ato reduce the pitch to obtain the actual optiv mum auto-rotative condition.,

As shown in Figures 1 to 3, the fuselage '1 is generally fish-shaped, being relatively deep and narrow. At its central part it has a roughly oval symmetrical crossLsection (see Figure 1C), but its shape ls progressively modied towards the nose and tail into unsymmetrical airfoil sections (see Figures 1A, 1B, 1D and 1E), which are upwardly directed but oppositely cambered.

Thus the fuselage has, in effect, the form of an airscrew of veryhigh pitch freely carried on the rotor axis, and tending to revolve in the down-wash of the' rotor. From the drawings it will be seen that the rotor revolves clockwise in plan, and that the fuselage tends also to revolve in this sense, i. e. in opposition to the mechanical torque reaction on it. Investigation shows that in the aircraft illustrated a complete' neutralisa-r tion of the torque reaction in this way can be comprises an engine and clutch unit I2 (Figure 1) below the rotor, which it drives through a jointed and telescopic vertical shaft I3 coupled at its upper end to the rotor hub. The engine also drives a ian or blower (not shown) for drawing cooling air through an aperture I2a in the fuselage and expelling'it through a similar aperture on the other side.

.As shown somewhat diagrammatically in Figure 6, the engine crankshaft I4 is geared by rbevel pinions I5 and I6 to a vertical clutch driving shaft I1 on lwhich the driving clutch plate I8 is splined. A spring I9 normally holds this plate 'up to the limit of its travel. The driven plate 2|) rests onthe'plate I8, and'is similarly splined to the driven shaft 2|. This shaft 2I is connected through a freewheel device .22 and a universal expected even while hovering, whilst it is evident 'I that the fuselage is at the same time wholly suited for fast forward flight.

The curve 'of the fuselage top (Figure 1) is arranged to follow closely the droop of the blades when at rest, in order that the fuselage may haveI the maximum area as an airfoil and also so that its ends (which are most effective in providing the aerodynamic counter-torque) shall lnot be unduly far below the' rotor disk in flight. l

These objects may if desired bemore fully met by giving the blades during manufacture a slight inherent upward curvature or set to reduce their droop when at rest. During flight, centrifugal force would of course entirely overcome any such set.

Since thefuselage is approximately symmetrical in side elevation about the rotor axis and center of gravity C. G. (Figure 1), it is provided at the rear with an adjustable tail n or rudder 8 of large area for directional stability and control, and also has a tailplane-B (which 'may be adjustable) to assist in maintaining trim. These surfaces are mounted well clear of the rotor conditions of night.

It will be appreciated that, tl'e opening, the degree of torque counter-action required from.the fuselage proper may vary (for example) to whether the machine is flying level or climbing. It may to shape the fuselage that these variations will automatically be met in view ofthe differences in distribution ofthe downwash over the fuselage, can be oifsetby tilting the rotor'slightly to one side and turning the rudder to the same side,

thus producing an auxiliary corrective couple on the machine. Also, if desired, flaps or ailerons" I0 may be tted for modifying the effective camber of the fuselage and connected to an operating lever II in the pilots cockpit, orto the rudderA bar (not shown). 1 v

In ordinary forward night, however, the action of the fuselage alone will be quite sufficient, and in this connection it may be mentioned that with a suitable rotor the helical component of the downwash may in itself give all the necessary angle of attack on the fuselage. In such a case about the longitudinal vertical plane, the auxiliary couples being applied when necessary by f either of the above methods.

As regards the rotor driving mechanism; this for a given throtf andinanycasetheybe absolutely symmetrical 4joint 23 to the lower end of the telescopic driving shaft I3, and the upper end of the latter is similarly jointed at 24 to the shaft of the small pinion 25 meshing with the rotor hub pinion 26.

The arrangement is such that the drive will fracture at or near the .part 25, 26 as a safety measure if forsome reason it becomes jammed lower down. This may be ensured, for example, by pinning the final pinion 26 to its shaft by means of a key (not shown) adapted to shear on the application of a shock torque exceeding a predetermined maximum figure.

In view of the nature of the blades itis important that when accelerating the rotor from rest, and in fact until it has attained sufficient speed for centrifugal force to take effect, the max- .imum torque imposed on it shall be strictly limited in order to avoid bending and damaging the blades or their root ttings.

For this reason vthe operating mechanism of the clutch I8, 20 is arranged inA acbordance with United States patent applicationL'Serial No. 33,462, filed July 27, 1935, namely so that the maximum torque transmissible by thev clutch (i. e. its effective degree of engagement) is automatically reduced at low speeds of the driven plate 20 and therefore oi the rotor. For this purpose the driven clutch shaft 2l carries pivotedl centriiugally-actuated cams 21 adapted to exert an increasing engagement pressure on the plates as the rotor speeds up. Initially the cams 21 are i'n the position shown, and their weightexerts on theplate 20 a relatively light engagement pressure, suchthat only sufficient torque may be transmitted to get the rotor started without straining it. As the rotor speed increases thecams 21 press the driven plate 20 harder against the driving plate until, when the rotor has attained-sufiicient speed, the clutch is capable of transmitting the maximum torque of the engine. Provision is made for manually disconnecting the clutch at any time by means o! a pivoted forked .lever 28 which is operated by a cable 29 from the Apilots cockpit to withdraw the clutch plate I8 against thepressure of the spring I9.

The rotor will normally be put at the nolift pitch setting while being started up. Its rotational drag is then abnormally low, and it can therefore be raised to an abnormally high speed before the lift lever 4 is operated to effect the dij rect take-off. The initial acceleration away. from the ground will therefore be high, but since the engine will be running' at la high speed while lightly loaded it will not be delivering an unduly high torque, the vexcess lift being obtained rather from the excess kinetic energy of the rotor. In

any case, the fuselage has a high lpolar moment of'inertia and a general resistance to rotation y stituting the sole lifting during this relatively brief period; especially| in view of its large tail.

'rhemachine is mounted on an undercarriage of what-is known as the tricycle type. comprising two main supporting wheels 80 situated slightly behind the center of gravity C. G. and a single forward wheel 3i which may be freely castoring or, preferably,. steerable bybeing connected to the pilots rudder bar.

The fuselage mayv readily be constructed as a watertight hull so that the helicoptergis amphibian. In this case .the leg structures 32 carrying the main wheels 3i may be pivoted at their roots about longitudinal axes at 33 (see Figure 3) so that the wheels 3l may be placed at the surface of the water when the aircraft is ailoat and act as lateral stabilising floats; if desired. additional buoyancy members may be incorporated in the structures I2 as shown. It may be noted that in this position the rebound-damping meansy usually associated with undercarriage legs will' act to damp out rolling movements of the oating aircraft.

Further upward movement of the undercar riage members about the axes 33 in ilight may be arranged to bring them into a fully retracted position nesting in the fuselage sides below the. rotor hub.

A contemplated form of helicopter constructed as above described and as shown in the accompanying drawings hasa rotor radius of about 19.6 feet and an all-up weight of about 2400 pounds. Investigation shows the minimum torque for hovering to be vabout 2400 lbs. i't. Thus the ratio of minimumhovering torque to weight is unity (one foot) that is to say 0.051 ofthe rotor radius. A

' I claim: A f v 1. A helicopter comprising a single rotor conand propelling agency lnfiight, said rotor having a low rotor solidity 'anda thin high-speed blade prole giving in combination, over at least thatv portion-fof the rotor disk swept by the outer two thirds of a blade, a value below 0.09 for the minima of at the successive annular elemental areas of said `horizontal tail plane O disk portion, where ce., and di. are associated. drag and litt coemcients of said blade pronle for any o! said elemental areas `und v il` the solidity over the same elemental area.

2. A helicopter comprisingga single rotor constituting the sole liftingl and propelling agency in night, said rotor having a solidity. over at least that portion of the rotor disc swept by the outer two thirds of a blade, below 4% and a blade profile substantially similar to that known as N. A.- C. A, 23009, whereby said rotor absorbs the power applied -to it during flight at a high tip speed and a correspondingly low torque.

3. A helicopter, as claimed in claim 2, and wherein each blade is constructed with an inherent upward curvature or set" for reducing its droop when at rest.

4. A helicopter comprising a single rotor constituting the sole lifting and propelling agency in flight, said rotor having a low rotor solidity and a thin high-,speed blade proille giving in.

combination, over at least that portion of the rotor disk swept by the outer two thirds oi a blade, a value. below 0.09 for the minima of at the successive annular elemental areas of said disk portion, where Cn and Cr. are associated prole drag and lift coemcients of said blade proiile for any of saidelemental areas and a is the solidity over the same elemental area, and ay fuselage suspended from said rotor and elongated in the direction` of forward night, said fuselage being shaped as an airfoil receiving from the downwashy of said rotor in night an aerodynamic torque opposing the mechanical torque reaction thereon.

5. 'A helicopter constructed in accordance with .claim 4, and wherein said fuselage is constructed with vertical cross-sections of asymmetrical airfoil shape and of opposite effective camber in front of and behind the axis of said rotor respectively.

6. A helicopter constructed in accordance with claims, and including a stabilizing substantially mounted at4 the rear of said fuselage above the plane of rotation of said rotor.

v RAOUL HAFNER. 

